Hey there,
Since there are many programs and applications, the extensions may vary according to what you use. Not only that, it may vary also on where you're at.
Example: If running Windows you see files such as .exe, .sys, .bat, .msi, .cab, .dll. If on Linux you can see .bin, .conf, .img and so on.
Most common, popular or frequently used extensions include:
Media: .jpg, .gif, .png, .bmp, .mpg, .avi, .wmv, .wav, .mp3, .wma, .cda
Productivity: .doc, .xls, .ppt
Development: .c, .cpp, .cs, .java, .js, .vb, .frm, .h,
Internet: .html, .xml, .css
Communications: .eml (as example for new message on outlook)
Database: .db, .pst (For outlook inbox)