There are so many that I'm not going to go out of my way to research them all, so this list is far from all-inclusive....
We should distinguish between two types of programming languages...
There are SCRIPTING languages. In these, every single time the program is executed, the processor must interpret all the human-readable source code. So then, the language that does the processing must be present on the machine that will be executing the script. Scripts are most commonly used on websites.
Also a scripting language can be executed in two places. JavaScript for example runs on the web browser, and so the source code of the script is publicly available for anyone to view. JavaScript must be installed and enabled on the user's web browser for the script to function.
Other scripts run on the web SERVER, and only the end result (the output) is sent to the user's web browser, thus increasing the potential for security. Some server-side scripting languages are Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby, ColdFusion, and ASP.
Many major applications and even games also make use of scripting languages to allow their users to customize. For example, Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications to customize Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access. LISP for customizing AutoCAD.
Then there are COMPILED languages, where the source code is processed ONCE into a machine-readable form, and it is the new compiled file that is actually executed. Programs that you purchase in a store or download as shareware are mostly all compiled programs. Compiler languages include C++, C# (pronounced C-sharp), Pascal, Delphi, Fortran, Cobol.
Some languages are a combination of these. The "compiler" creates something called "byte-code" which is more efficient than the human-readable source, but not quite pure machine code either, and still requires that the byte-code interpreter be installed on the machine that will be executing the program. These typically come in the form of a plug-in for a web browser. Byte-code compilers include Java, MacroMedia Flash, and Zend PHP Optimizer.
HTML -- NOT a programming language, but Hyper Text Markup Language. A way to tell a web browser how to display things.
CSS -- Cascading Style Sheets. Yet another way to tell the web browser how things should look. This, and HTML, can have programming languages embedded inside them, but HTML and CSS themselves cannot do any decision-making logic and so fall outside the scope of the question in that respect.