If you are talking about editing the style of the page then it's possible, and in fact that is basically what css was designed for.
There's three things you will need to do.
1) Apply some form of grouping to each section, you can do this a few ways, The most popular is enclosing the sections in a div tag and assigning it a specific class ID.
2)Create the CSS File, and upload it.
3)include the css file into each page needing it.
Look here for positioning in CSS (as well as other great info)
http://www.w3schools.com/css/pr_class_position.asp
That will certainly take care of your header and footer issues.
The menu issue is a bit different. If you want to edit actual content in one file that will affect all pages, then you will need to use a server side include. Fortunately this is fairly easy if a host allows a server side scripting language such as PHP.
It's fairly simple and would involve you creating a file that held our menu code, and using an include line on the page.
It is described here:
http://www.stevedawson.com/article0012.php
If you have access to PHP and can create a simple database for your site then you can take it one step further and define the path to your menu include as a record in a basic table, and use that to call up the file. The benefit of this is that if you choose to change the path to your menu (ie move the file you are using to another folder or rename it), you only have to change the path in one place instead of changing code on every page. It will also allow you to easily have a test site where you can work on things using identical code, but when you upload the final files the paths stored in the respective databases correct the structures for each without having to recode paths.
And to offer a bit of advice, only use tables to present data that is separated into columns and rows such as orders, stats, and database results. Formating should be done in HTML/CSS. It is far more flexible