Question:
types of encoding?
FootballisABeauty
2008-06-17 23:30:21 UTC
what kind of encoding is done in telecomunication?
details, please
Four answers:
Himanshu Sharma
2008-06-17 23:41:14 UTC
Encoding is the process of transforming information from one format into another. The opposite operation is called decoding.



There are a number of more specific meanings that apply in certain contexts:



• Encoding (in cognition) is a basic perceptual process of interpreting incoming stimuli; technically speaking, it is a complex, multi-stage process of converting relatively objective sensory input (e.g., light, sound) into subjectively meaningful experience.



• Character encoding is a code that pairs a set of natural language characters (such as an alphabet or syllabary) with a set of something else, such as numbers or electrical pulses.



• Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers. (See also Text Encoding Initiative.)

• Semantics encoding of formal language A in formal language B is a method of representing all terms (e.g. programs or descriptions) of language A using language B.



• Electronic encoding transforms a signal into a code optimized for transmission or storage, generally done with a codec.



• Encryption transforms information for secrecy.



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In communications

AS a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type. In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated. Decoding is the reverse process, converting these code symbols back into information understandable by a receiver.

One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, a cable code replaces words (e.g., ship or invoice) into shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively. Another example is the use of semaphore, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.

In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead. See code (cryptography).





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Codes in communication used for brevity

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When telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long distance communication, elaborate commercial codes which encoded complete phrases into single words (commonly five-letter groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronounceability, etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commercial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceding for espionage codes. Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated, including one run as a front for the American Black Chamber run by Herbert Yardley between WWI and WWII. The purpose of most of these codes was to save on cable costs. The use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era; an early example is the telegraph Morse code where more frequently-used characters have shorter representations. Techniques such as Huffman coding are now used by computer-based algorithms to compress large data files into a more compact form for storage or transmission.



Bye:)
anonymous
2008-06-18 04:01:10 UTC
first think wikipedia, and type encoding there....



i think youre most interested in signals encoding, so modulation/demodulation schemes would apply here for digital to analog waveforms.

examples:



Amplitude Modulation (AM) - like AM radio stations, but there are numerous subtypes not in widespread use.



Frequency Modulation (FM) - like FM stations on the radio - these tend to be more resistant to interference than AM.



Phase Shift Modulation(PSK) - like all high speed wireless data due to its best use of the freq spectrum and ease of recovery. Common examples of this include QPSK and 8PSK.





Encoding is a method of representing those 1's and 0's in various ways, so prehaps youre referring to the digitization of an analog waveform with one of these methods:



PCM - pulse code modulation - used in telephone's and in uncompressed computer audio.



CVSD - continiously varible slope delta - used in old school bandwidth limited devices.



Alaw Companding - a variant of PCM that puts a nonlinear scale to use.



ulaw Companding - uses another nonlinear scale than Alaw, but still similar to PCM.





Maybe youre talking about multimedia encoding, then you get into the realm of computer codecs, examples:



MP3, divx, xvid, FFT methods, wmv, mpeg family and on and on and on.





It's also interesting to note some common error correction techniques in widespread use, these will encode the ability to recover from a transmission loss with different degrees of success:

FEC - forward error correction

Interleaving

CRC - cyclic redundancy check

Reed Soloman

Viterbi
shaun
2016-05-18 02:47:21 UTC
Types :



Visual, elaborative, organizational, acoustic, and semantic encodings are the most intensively used. Other encodings are also used.



Visual encoding :



Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information. This means that people can convert the new information that they stored into mental pictures. Visual sensory information is temporarily stored within our iconic memory and working memory before being encoded into permanent long-term storage.Baddeley’s model of working memory states that visual information is stored in the visuo-spatial sketchpad.The amygdala is a complex structure that has an important role in visual encoding. It accepts visual input in addition to input from other systems and encodes the positive or negative values of conditioned stimuli.



Elaborative encoding :



Elaborative encoding is the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory. Memories are a combination of old and new information, so the nature of any particular memory depends as much on the old information already in our memories as it does on the new information coming in through our senses.[citation needed] In other words, how we remember something depends on how we think about it at the time. Many studies have shown that long-term retention is greatly enhanced by elaborative encoding.



Acoustic encoding :



Acoustic encoding is the encoding of auditory impulses. According to Baddeley, processing of auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop, which allows input within our echoic memory to be sub vocally rehearsed in order to facilitate remembering.When we hear any word, we do so by hearing to individual sounds, one at a time. Hence the memory of the beginning of a new word is stored in our echoic memory until the whole sound has been perceived and recognized as a word.Studies indicate that lexical, semantic and phonological factors interact in verbal working memory. The phonological similarity effect (PSE), is modified by word concreteness. This emphasizes that verbal working memory performance cannot exclusively be attributed to phonological or acoustic representation but also includes an interaction of linguistic representation.What remains to be seen is whether linguistic representation is expressed at the time of recall or whether the representational methods used (such as recordings, videos, symbols, etc) participate in a more fundamental role in encoding and preservation of information in memory.



Other senses :



Tactile encoding is the processing and encoding of how something feels, normally through touch. Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) react to vibrotactile stimuli by activating in synchronisation with each series of vibrations.Odors and tastes may also lead to encode.



Organizational encoding is the course of classifying information permitting to the associations amid a sequence of terms.



In general encoding for short-term storage (STS) in the brain relies primarily on acoustic rather than semantic encoding.



Semantic encoding :



Semantic encoding is the processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context. Various strategies can be applied such as chunking and mnemonics to aid in encoding, and in some cases, allow deep processing, and optimizing retrieval.



Words studied in semantic or deep encoding conditions are better recalled as compared to both easy and hard groupings of nonsemantic or shallow encoding conditions with response time being the deciding variable.Brodmann’s areas 45, 46, and 47 (the left inferior prefrontal cortex or LIPC) showed significantly more activation during semantic encoding conditions compared to nonsemantic encoding conditions regardless of the difficulty of the nonsemantic encoding task presented. The same area showing increased activation during initial semantic encoding will also display decreasing activation with repetitive semantic encoding of the same words. This suggests the decrease in activation with repetition is process specific occurring when words are semantically reprocessed but not when they are nonsemantically reprocessed.Lesion and neuroimaging studies suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for initial encoding and that activity in the left lateral prefrontal cortex correlates with the semantic organization of encoded information.



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?
2016-11-07 13:16:38 UTC
D. all of them are used. The mRNA makes a replica of your DNA and takes it to the ribosome (this is made up of rRNA). Then, in accordance to what's on the mRNA, the tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to form the polypeptide (often used) shape of a protein.


This content was originally posted on Y! Answers, a Q&A website that shut down in 2021.
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