Question:
write a program using c/c++ to concatenate 2 files.?
2007-11-12 10:32:36 UTC
it would be better if u'll use c rather than c++.
Three answers:
Runa
2007-11-12 10:51:13 UTC
/* cat -- concatenate files and print on the standard output.

Copyright (C) 88, 90, 91, 1995-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.



This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

(at your option) any later version.



This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the

GNU General Public License for more details.



You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

along with this program. If not, see . */



/* Differences from the Unix cat:

* Always unbuffered, -u is ignored.

* Usually much faster than other versions of cat, the difference

is especially apparent when using the -v option.



By tege@sics.se, Torbjorn Granlund, advised by rms, Richard Stallman. */



#include



#include

#include

#include



#if HAVE_STROPTS_H

# include

#endif

#if HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H

# include

#endif



#include "system.h"

#include "error.h"

#include "full-write.h"

#include "getpagesize.h"

#include "quote.h"

#include "safe-read.h"



/* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */

#define PROGRAM_NAME "cat"



#define AUTHORS "Torbjorn Granlund", "Richard M. Stallman"



/* Undefine, to avoid warning about redefinition on some systems. */

#undef max

#define max(h,i) ((h) > (i) ? (h) : (i))



/* Name under which this program was invoked. */

char *program_name;



/* Name of input file. May be "-". */

static char const *infile;



/* Descriptor on which input file is open. */

static int input_desc;



/* Buffer for line numbers.

An 11 digit counter may overflow within an hour on a P2/466,

an 18 digit counter needs about 1000y */

#define LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN 20

static char line_buf[LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN] =

{

' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ',

' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '0',

'\t', '\0'

};



/* Position in `line_buf' where printing starts. This will not change

unless the number of lines is larger than 999999. */

static char *line_num_print = line_buf + LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN - 8;



/* Position of the first digit in `line_buf'. */

static char *line_num_start = line_buf + LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN - 3;



/* Position of the last digit in `line_buf'. */

static char *line_num_end = line_buf + LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN - 3;



/* Preserves the `cat' function's local `newlines' between invocations. */

static int newlines2 = 0;



void

usage (int status)

{

if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)

fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),

program_name);

else

{

printf (_("\

Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE]...\n\

"),

program_name);

fputs (_("\

Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.\n\

\n\

-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET\n\

-b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines\n\

-e equivalent to -vE\n\

-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line\n\

-n, --number number all output lines\n\

-s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines\n\

"), stdout);

fputs (_("\

-t equivalent to -vT\n\

-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I\n\

-u (ignored)\n\

-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB\n\

"), stdout);

fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);

fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);

fputs (_("\

\n\

With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.\n\

"), stdout);

printf (_("\

\n\

Examples:\n\

%s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents.\n\

%s Copy standard input to standard output.\n\

"),

program_name, program_name);

emit_bug_reporting_address ();

}

exit (status);

}



/* Compute the next line number. */



static void

next_line_num (void)

{

char *endp = line_num_end;

do

{

if ((*endp)++ < '9')

return;

*endp-- = '0';

}

while (endp >= line_num_start);

if (line_num_start > line_buf)

*--line_num_start = '1';

else

*line_buf = '>';

if (line_num_start < line_num_print)

line_num_print--;

}



/* Plain cat. Copies the file behind `input_desc' to STDOUT_FILENO.

Return true if successful. */



static bool

simple_cat (

/* Pointer to the buffer, used by reads and writes. */

char *buf,



/* Number of characters preferably read or written by each read and write

call. */

size_t bufsize)

{

/* Actual number of characters read, and therefore written. */

size_t n_read;



/* Loop until the end of the file. */



for (;;)

{

/* Read a block of input. */



n_read = safe_read (input_desc, buf, bufsize);

if (n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)

{

error (0, errno, "%s", infile);

return false;

}



/* End of this file? */



if (n_read == 0)

return true;



/* Write this block out. */



{

/* The following is ok, since we know that 0 < n_read. */

size_t n = n_read;

if (full_write (STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n) != n)

error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));

}

}

}



/* Write any pending output to STDOUT_FILENO.

Pending is defined to be the *BPOUT - OUTBUF bytes starting at OUTBUF.

Then set *BPOUT to OUTPUT if it's not already that value. */



static inline void

write_pending (char *outbuf, char **bpout)

{

size_t n_write = *bpout - outbuf;

if (0 < n_write)

{

if (full_write (STDOUT_FILENO, outbuf, n_write) != n_write)

error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));

*bpout = outbuf;

}

}



/* Cat the file behind INPUT_DESC to the file behind OUTPUT_DESC.

Return true if successful.

Called if any option more than -u was specified.



A newline character is always put at the end of the buffer, to make

an explicit test for buffer end unnecessary. */



static bool

cat (

/* Pointer to the beginning of the input buffer. */

char *inbuf,



/* Number of characters read in each read call. */

size_t insize,



/* Pointer to the beginning of the output buffer. */

char *outbuf,



/* Number of characters written by each write call. */

size_t outsize,



/* Variables that have values according to the specified options. */

bool show_nonprinting,

bool show_tabs,

bool number,

bool number_nonblank,

bool show_ends,

bool squeeze_blank)

{

/* Last character read from the input buffer. */

unsigned char ch;



/* Pointer to the next character in the input buffer. */

char *bpin;



/* Pointer to the first non-valid byte in the input buffer, i.e. the

current end of the buffer. */

char *eob;



/* Pointer to the position where the next character shall be written. */

char *bpout;



/* Number of characters read by the last read call. */

size_t n_read;



/* Determines how many consecutive newlines there have been in the

input. 0 newlines makes NEWLINES -1, 1 newline makes NEWLINES 1,

etc. Initially 0 to indicate that we are at the beginning of a

new line. The "state" of the procedure is determined by

NEWLINES. */

int newlines = newlines2;



#ifdef FIONREAD

/* If nonzero, use the FIONREAD ioctl, as an optimization.

(On Ultrix, it is not supported on NFS file systems.) */

bool use_fionread = true;

#endif



/* The inbuf pointers are initialized so that BPIN > EOB, and thereby input

is read immediately. */



eob = inbuf;

bpin = eob + 1;



bpout = outbuf;



for (;;)

{

do

{

/* Write if there are at least OUTSIZE bytes in OUTBUF. */



if (outbuf + outsize <= bpout)

{

char *wp = outbuf;

size_t remaining_bytes;

do

{

if (full_write (STDOUT_FILENO, wp, outsize) != outsize)

error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));

wp += outsize;

remaining_bytes = bpout - wp;

}

while (outsize <= remaining_bytes);



/* Move the remaining bytes to the beginning of the

buffer. */



memmove (outbuf, wp, remaining_bytes);

bpout = outbuf + remaining_bytes;

}



/* Is INBUF empty? */



if (bpin > eob)

{

bool input_pending = false;

#ifdef FIONREAD

int n_to_read = 0;



/* Is there any input to read immediately?

If not, we are about to wait,

so write all buffered output before waiting. */



if (use_fionread

&& ioctl (input_desc, FIONREAD, &n_to_read) < 0)

{

/* Ultrix returns EOPNOTSUPP on NFS;

HP-UX returns ENOTTY on pipes.

SunOS returns EINVAL and

More/BSD returns ENODEV on special files

like /dev/null.

Irix-5 returns ENOSYS on pipes. */

if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP || errno == ENOTTY

|| errno == EINVAL || errno == ENODEV

|| errno == ENOSYS)

use_fionread = false;

else

{

error (0, errno, _("cannot do ioctl on %s"), quote (infile));

newlines2 = newlines;

return false;

}

}

if (n_to_read != 0)

input_pending = true;

#endif



if (input_pending)

write_pending (outbuf, &bpout);



/* Read more input into INBUF. */



n_read = safe_read (input_desc, inbuf, insize);

if (n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)

{

error (0, errno, "%s", infile);

write_pending (outbuf, &bpout);

newlines2 = newlines;

return false;

}

if (n_read == 0)

{

write_pending (outbuf, &bpout);

newlines2 = newlines;

return true;

}



/* Update the pointers and insert a sentinel at the buffer

end. */



bpin = inbuf;

eob = bpin + n_read;

*eob = '\n';

}

else

{

/* It was a real (not a sentinel) newline. */



/* Was the last line empty?

(i.e. have two or more consecutive newlines been read?) */



if (++newlines > 0)

{

if (newlines >= 2)

{

/* Limit this to 2 here. Otherwise, with lots of

consecutive newlines, the counter could wrap

around at INT_MAX. */

newlines = 2;



/* Are multiple adjacent empty lines to be substituted

by single ditto (-s), and this was the second empty

line? */

if (squeeze_blank)

{

ch = *bpin++;

continue;

}

}



/* Are line numbers to be written at empty lines (-n)? */



if (number & !number_nonblank)

{

next_line_num ();

bpout = stpcpy (bpout, line_num_print);

}

}



/* Output a currency symbol if requested (-e). */



if (show_ends)

*bpout++ = '$';



/* Output the newline. */



*bpout++ = '\n';

}

ch = *bpin++;

}

while (ch == '\n');



/* Are we at the beginning of a line, and line numbers are requested? */



if (newlines >= 0 && number)

{

next_line_num ();

bpout = stpcpy (bpout, line_num_print);

}



/* Here CH cannot contain a newline character. */



/* The loops below continue until a newline character is found,

which means that the buffer is empty or that a proper newline

has been found. */



/* If quoting, i.e. at least one of -v, -e, or -t specified,

scan for chars that need conversion. */

if (show_nonprinting)

{

for (;;)

{

if (ch >= 32)

{

if (ch < 127)

*bpout++ = ch;

else if (ch == 127)

{

*bpout++ = '^';

*bpout++ = '?';

}

else

{

*bpout++ = 'M';

*bpout++ = '-';

if (ch >= 128 + 32)

{

if (ch < 128 + 127)

*bpout++ = ch - 128;

else

{

*bpout++ = '^';

*bpout++ = '?';

}

}

else

{

*bpout++ = '^';

*bpout++ = ch - 128 + 64;

}

}

}

else if (ch == '\t' && !show_tabs)

*bpout++ = '\t';

else if (ch == '\n')

{

newlines = -1;

break;

}

else

{

*bpout++ = '^';

*bpout++ = ch + 64;

}



ch = *bpin++;

}

}

else

{

/* Not quoting, neither of -v, -e, or -t specified. */

for (;;)

{

if (ch == '\t' && show_tabs)

{

*bpout++ = '^';

*bpout++ = ch + 64;

}

else if (ch != '\n')

*bpout++ = ch;

else

{

newlines = -1;

break;

}



ch = *bpin++;

}

}

}

}



int

main (int argc, char **argv)

{

/* Optimal size of i/o operations of output. */

size_t outsize;



/* Optimal size of i/o operations of input. */

size_t insize;



size_t page_size = getpagesize ();



/* Pointer to the input buffer. */

char *inbuf;



/* Pointer to the output buffer. */

char *outbuf;



bool ok = true;

int c;



/* Index in argv to processed argument. */

int argind;



/* Device number of the output (file or whatever). */

dev_t out_dev;



/* I-node number of the output. */

ino_t out_ino;



/* True if the output file should not be the same as any input file. */

bool check_redirection = true;



/* Nonzero if we have ever read standard input. */

bool have_read_stdin = false;



struct stat stat_buf;



/* Variables that are set according to the specified options. */

bool number = false;

bool number_nonblank = false;

bool squeeze_blank = false;

bool show_ends = false;

bool show_nonprinting = false;

bool show_tabs = false;

int file_open_mode = O_RDONLY;



static struct option const long_options[] =

{

{"number-nonblank", no_argument, NULL, 'b'},

{"number", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},

{"squeeze-blank", no_argument, NULL, 's'},

{"show-nonprinting", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},

{"show-ends", no_argument, NULL, 'E'},

{"show-tabs", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},

{"show-all", no_argument, NULL, 'A'},

{GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},

{GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},

{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}

};



initialize_main (&argc, &argv);

program_name = argv[0];

setlocale (LC_ALL, "");

bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);

textdomain (PACKAGE);



/* Arrange to close stdout if we exit via the

case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR or case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR code.

Normally STDOUT_FILENO is used rather than stdout, so

close_stdout does nothing. */

atexit (close_stdout);



/* Parse command line options. */



while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "benstuvAET", long_options, NULL))

!= -1)

{

switch (c)

{

case 'b':

number = true;

number_nonblank = true;

break;



case 'e':

show_ends = true;

show_nonprinting = true;

break;



case 'n':

number = true;

break;



case 's':

squeeze_blank = true;

break;



case 't':

show_tabs = true;

show_nonprinting = true;

break;



case 'u':

/* We provide the -u feature unconditionally. */

break;



case 'v':

show_nonprinting = true;

break;



case 'A':

show_nonprinting = true;

show_ends = true;

show_tabs = true;

break;



case 'E':

show_ends = true;

break;



case 'T':

show_tabs = true;

break;



case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;



case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);



default:

usage (EXIT_FAILURE);

}

}



/* Get device, i-node number, and optimal blocksize of output. */



if (fstat (STDOUT_FILENO, &stat_buf) < 0)

error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("standard output"));



outsize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);

/* Input file can be output file for non-regular files.

fstat on pipes returns S_IFSOCK on some systems, S_IFIFO

on others, so the checking should not be done for those types,

and to allow things like cat < /dev/tty > /dev/tty, checking

is not done for device files either. */



if (S_ISREG (stat_buf.st_mode))

{

out_dev = stat_buf.st_dev;

out_ino = stat_buf.st_ino;

}

else

{

check_redirection = false;

#ifdef lint /* Suppress `used before initialized' warning. */

out_dev = 0;

out_ino = 0;

#endif

}



if (! (number | show_ends | squeeze_blank))

{

file_open_mode |= O_BINARY;

if (O_BINARY && ! isatty (STDOUT_FILENO))

freopen (NULL, "wb", stdout);

}



/* Check if any of the input files are the same as the output file. */



/* Main loop. */



infile = "-";

argind = optind;



do

{

if (argind < argc)

infile = argv[argind];



if (STREQ (infile, "-"))

{

have_read_stdin = true;

input_desc = STDIN_FILENO;

if ((file_open_mode & O_BINARY) && ! isatty (STDIN_FILENO))

freopen (NULL, "rb", stdin);

}

else

{

input_desc = open (infile, file_open_mode);

if (input_desc < 0)

{

error (0, errno, "%s", infile);

ok = false;

continue;

}

}



if (fstat (input_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)

{

error (0, errno, "%s", infile);

ok = false;

goto contin;

}

insize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);



/* Compare the device and i-node numbers of this input file with

the corresponding values of the (output file associated with)

stdout, and skip this input file if they coincide. Input

files cannot be redirected to themselves. */



if (check_redirection

&& stat_buf.st_dev == out_dev && stat_buf.st_ino == out_ino

&& (input_desc != STDIN_FILENO))

{

error (0, 0, _("%s: input file is output file"), infile);

ok = false;

goto contin;

}



/* Select which version of `cat' to use. If any format-oriented

options were given use `cat'; otherwise use `simple_cat'. */



if (! (number | show_ends | show_nonprinting

| show_tabs | squeeze_blank))

{

insize = max (insize, outsize);

inbuf = xmalloc (insize + page_size - 1);



ok &= simple_cat (ptr_align (inbuf, page_size), insize);

}

else

{

inbuf = xmalloc (insize + 1 + page_size - 1);



/* Why are

(OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE * 4 + LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN + PAGE_SIZE - 1)

bytes allocated for the output buffer?



A test whether output needs to be written is done when the input

buffer empties or when a newline appears in the input. After

output is written, at most (OUTSIZE - 1) bytes will remain in the

buffer. Now INSIZE bytes of input is read. Each input character

may grow by a factor of 4 (by the prepending of M-^). If all

characters do, and no newlines appear in this block of input, we

will have at most (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE * 4) bytes in the buffer.

If the last character in the preceding block of input was a

newline, a line number may be written (according to the given

options) as the first thing in the output buffer. (Done after the

new input is read, but before processing of the input begins.)

A line number requires seldom more than LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN

positions.



Align the output buffer to a page size boundary, for efficency on

some paging implementations, so add PAGE_SIZE - 1 bytes to the

request to make room for the alignment. */



outbuf = xmalloc (outsize - 1 + insize * 4 + LINE_COUNTER_BUF_LEN

+ page_size - 1);



ok &= cat (ptr_align (inbuf, page_size), insize,

ptr_align (outbuf, page_size), outsize, show_nonprinting,

show_tabs, number, number_nonblank, show_ends,

squeeze_blank);



free (outbuf);

}



free (inbuf);



contin:

if (!STREQ (infile, "-") && close (input_desc) < 0)

{

error (0, errno, "%s", infile);

ok = false;

}

}

while (++argind < argc);



if (have_read_stdin && close (STDIN_FILENO) < 0)

error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("closing standard input"));



exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);

}
pbussey
2007-11-12 10:39:53 UTC
It's not really going to matter. It comes down to what your comfortable and what compiler tools you have handy. You can compile your C solution with a C++ compiler and it will still work.



Just to note that you can do this from your shell. You don't mention file type or other purposes for the program. So you may not be able to do this simple trick, but if you can great all the better



From a windows command prompt you could

type one.txt two.txt > combined.txt



Or from a Linux/Unix prompt

cat one.txt two.txt > combined.txt
?
2007-11-12 10:44:47 UTC
Read in both files and then use the append to attached the one file to the other.


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